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The Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church (where ''Camerlengo'' is originally an Italian word for "Chamberlain" now only used for officials of the Holy See and not in secular contexts) is an office of the Papal household. The Camerlengo is the administrator of the property and revenues of the Holy See. Formerly, his responsibilities included the fiscal administration of the Patrimony of St. Peter. As regulated in the Apostolic Constitution ''Pastor Bonus'',〔(Pastor Bonus )〕 the Camerlengo is always a Cardinal, though this was not the case prior to the 15th century. His heraldic arms are ornamented with two keysone gold, one silverin saltire surmounted by an ombrellino, a canopy or umbrella of alternating red and yellow stripes. These are also the arms of the Holy See during a Papal interregnum. == History == Until the 11th century, the Archdeacon of the Roman Church was responsible for the administration of the property of the Church (i.e., the Diocese of Rome), but its numerous ancient privileges and rights had come to make it a frequent hindrance to independent action on the part of the Pope; as a result, when the last Archdeacon Hildebrand was elected to the papacy as Gregory VII in 1073, he suppressed the Archdiaconate and the cardinal entrusted with the supervision of the Apostolic Camera (''Camera Apostolica''), i.e., the possessions of the Holy See, became known as the ''Camerarius'' ("Chamberlain"). Prior to the 18th century,〔Girolamo Lunadoro Gregorio Leti, ''Relatione della Corte di Roma, e de' Riti che si osservano in esta, suoi Magistrati, Officii, e loro giurisdittione'' (Genoa: Il Calenzani 1656), pp. 39, 318-320.〕 the Camerlengo enjoyed an income of 10,000 to 12,000 scudi a year out of the Apostolic Camera. He had jurisdiction over all suits involving the Apostolic Camera, and could judge separately or in association with the Clerics of the Apostolic Camera; he was not impeded by Consistory. He has appellate jurisdiction over suits decided by the Masters of the Roads. In a narration of the 18th century, the Camerlengo is the chief officer in the Apostolic Camera, the Financial Council of the Pope. In his office are the Governor of Rome (who is Vice-Chancellor), The Treasurer, the Auditor, the President, the Advocate General, the Fiscal Procurator, the Commissary, and twelve Clerks of the Chamber (one with the special title of Prefect of the Grain Supply, another Prefect of Provisions, another Prefect of Prisons, and another Prefect of Roads). Each Clerk of the Chamber received around 8,000 scudi a year, representing 10% of the business that passes through his office.〔Jean Aymon, ''Tableau de la cour de Rome'' seconde edition (La Haye: Jean Neaulme, 1726), Chapitre IX-XIV, pp. 256-265.〕 The powers and functions of the Camerlengo were diminished considerably in the 19th century, first by the reorganisation of the Papal government after the election of Pope Pius VII (30 October 1800); then by the reorganization of the Papal government after the return of Pope Pius IX from exile in 1850; and then by the loss of the Papal States in 1860 and the City of Rome in 1870. The chief beneficiary of these changes was the Cardinal Secretary of State.〔(The Camerlengo. Notes by Prof. J. P. Adams )〕 In the last century, the offices of Secretary of State and Camerlengo were held concurrently by Pietro Gasparri (from 1916–1930), Eugenio Pacelli (from 1935–1939), Jean-Marie Villot (from 1970–1979), and by Tarcisio Bertone (from 2007 until 2013). On 24 January 2010, Pope Benedict XVI named Archbishop Santos Abril y Castelló, formerly an Apostolic Nuncio, as Vice Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church, effectively the Camerlengo's assistant, for a period of three years. In 2011, Abril y Castelló was named Archpriest of the Basilica of Saint Mary Major in Rome and in early 2012, he became a Cardinal. On 23 July 2012, Archbishop Pier Luigi Celata, then the Secretary of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue (its second-highest official) was named by Pope Benedict XVI to succeed Abril y Castelló as the new Vice-Camerlengo.〔 (Vatican City press bulletin )〕 On 20 December 2014, Pope Francis appointed Cardinal Jean-Louis Tauran as Camerlengo, succeeding Cardinal Bertone. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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